Mutual information forecasts for optimal adaptive sampling guidance

Analysis and Forecasts for 06 Jul 0000Z to 14 Jul 0000Z 2025, Issued 06 Jul 2025

Measuring T,S    Verifying against U,V

We use our mutual information (MI) forecasts between candidate observation locations and future regional field or variables of interest (target or verification field/variables) to predict the most informative future data locations. We use our MIT MSEAS ensemble forecast to predict these MI fields.

For the MI fields that we show in the table below, the goal is to predict the location of candidate future glider observations (temperature and salinity profiles) on different days (00Z July 6-13) that are the most informative about the target velocity, on 00Z July 14, 2025, in the region of the forecast LC and its uncertainty.

• The candidate glider observations at each location in the domain occur at the times indicated in the headers of each MI plot. These glider temperature (T) and salinity (S) profiles are assumed taken at the 0m, 50m, 150m, 300m and 500m depths, unless these depths are below the topography, in which case the depths are equally redistributed.
• The target (verification) variables are the velocity fields in the region of the forecast LC and its uncertainty at 00Z on July 14, 2025. These fields are defined by u and v profiles at all the locations shown by green stars taken together, at 00Z on July 14, 2025, at 150m, 300m, and 500m depths (in the region of the forecast LC and its uncertainty).

The locations with highest MI (bright yellow) on each day indicate where glider T and S profile observations are predicted to be most informative about the LC and its uncertainty at 00Z on July 14, 2025. The results indicate that sampling in head of the LC is best at all times, becoming more important as the measurement time gets closer to the verification time. In addition, sampling on the edges of the head of the LC becomes relatively more important as the measurement time approaches the verification time.

00Z July 6 2025	00Z July 7 2025	00Z July 8 2025
00Z July 9 2025	00Z July 10 2025	00Z July 11 2025
00Z July 12 2025	00Z July 13 2025